Operating through direct physical violence alone, he carried out a series of sexual assaults and killings that made him one of Hong Kong's most prolific convicted serial killers. The designation of his own hand as a weapon — which he reportedly called his "fork" — reflects a calculated intimacy to the crimes that courts ultimately answered with eleven concurrent life sentences.

His place in history is defined less by cruelty than by precision: over thirteen years, he carried out 387 executions across five northeastern states, refining the process into what became known as the "Elliott method" — a calibrated sequence of voltage cycles designed to cause rapid unconsciousness and cardiac arrest. Among those he executed were Sacco and Vanzetti and Bruno Hauptmann, cases that drew intense public scrutiny and, in at least one instance, a retaliatory bombing at his home. The quiet contradiction at the center of his career — a man who opposed capital punishment on principle while becoming its most practiced technician — gives his record an unusual historical texture.

His prominence in civic life — co-founding a university, establishing a bank, serving in government — ran in direct parallel with his role in the slave trade, and he used all of it to defend the institution aggressively. When Rhode Island passed one of the first anti-slave-trade laws in the new republic, Brown worked systematically to undermine it, bringing his wealth, political connections, and public platform to bear against his own abolitionist brother and others who challenged him.

His thirty-year reign reshaped European geopolitics in ways that outlasted him by generations — largely through miscalculation. After dismissing Bismarck and taking personal control of foreign policy, Wilhelm pursued German prestige through naval expansion, colonial competition, and a series of diplomatic confrontations that steadily narrowed the possibilities for a stable European order. When the crises of 1914 arrived, the alliances and antagonisms his government had helped engineer left little room to maneuver. He abdicated in 1918 as the empire he had inherited — and arguably squandered — collapsed around him.