Co-founding the Crips in 1971 positioned Williams at the origin point of a gang that would spread far beyond Los Angeles and reshape urban crime patterns across the United States for decades. His case drew sustained national attention not only because of the murders for which he was convicted, but because his death row writings and anti-gang advocacy raised unresolved questions about redemption and the application of capital punishment.

His place in the record is secured less by any single act than by the accumulation of grim details: a minor functionary of the British state's execution apparatus who assisted in twenty hangings, including the hanging of a man later established to be innocent. Dernley's career as an assistant executioner was unremarkable by the standards of the role, but the circumstances surrounding his removal — a conviction for publishing obscene material — offered a window into the character behind the official function.

Operating across Moscow Oblast during the final years of the Soviet Union, Ryakhovsky killed 19 people over a five-year span that included elderly men and women, teenagers, and men he targeted based on sexual orientation. His crimes escalated markedly in their violence over time, and his cooperation with investigators following his 1993 arrest produced a detailed record of the killings. The case unfolded against the backdrop of a state in political collapse, a context Ryakhovsky attempted to exploit when he sought clemency during the constitutional crisis of that same year.

A tsarist officer who outlasted the empire he served, Ungern-Sternberg carved out a brief but brutal fiefdom on the edge of the collapsing Russian world, using Mongolia as a base for a monarchist crusade that answered to no government and few conventions of war. His five-month occupation of Ikh Khüree was sustained through systematic terror directed at perceived enemies — Bolsheviks, Chinese, and at times his own troops. What made him historically distinctive was not merely his violence but the ideological pastiche driving it: a fusion of Baltic aristocratic reaction, Buddhist mysticism, and pan-Mongol revivalism that found no political home anywhere. He was captured, tried, and shot by the Bolsheviks in 1921, having briefly held real military power in a vacuum that no longer exists in modern statecraft.